Gertrude Jean Croman was born circa 1921 at Pennsylvania. She was the daughter of Otto Howard Croman and Lillian Viola Crawley. Gertrude married Charles Y. Young.

      Bettie Louise Croman was born circa 1927 at Pennsylvania. She was the daughter of Otto Howard Croman and Lillian Viola Crawley. Bettie married Thomas H. Baker.

     William married Jennie Danley.

     Jennie married William Chester Croman.

     John married Annie Elizabeth Corner.

     Annie married John Henderson McMurtrie.

     Robert married Reva M. Sturman, daughter of Raymond Claude Ferguson and Nada Livonia Denniston.

     Edward married Sarah Hartley War.

     Sarah married Edward Armstrong.

     Edwin married Helen MacGregor Armstrong, daughter of Hamilton Fish Armstrong and Helen MacGregor Byrne.

      Walter Lippmann was born on Sep 23, 1889 at New York City, New York County, New York. Walter married Helen MacGregor Byrne in 1938. Walter Lippmann died on Dec 14, 1974 at New York City, New York County, New York, at age 85.
     He and Helen MacGregor Byrne resided at at 3525 Woodley Road NW, Washington, District of Columbia, on Oct 26, 1947.

Lippmann was born on September 23, 1889 in New York City to German-Jewish parents, Jacob and Daisy Baum Lippmann. The family was upper-middle class, taking annual family trips to Europe. At age 17, he entered Harvard University where he studied under George Santayana, William James, and Graham Wallas. He concentrated on philosophy and languages (he spoke both German and French) and graduated after only three years of study.

Journalism and democracy

Lippmann was a journalist, a media critic and a philosopher who tried to reconcile the tensions between liberty and democracy in a complex and modern world, as in his 1920 book Liberty and the News.

In 1913 Lippmann, Herbert Croly, and Walter Weyl became the founding editors of The New Republic magazine. During World War I, Lippmann became an adviser to President Woodrow Wilson and assisted in the drafting of Wilson's Fourteen Points.

Lippmann had wide access to the nation's decision makers and had no sympathy for communism. After Lippmann had become famous, the Golos spy ring used Mary Price, his secretary, to garner information on items Lippmann chose not to write about or names of Lippmann's sources, often not carried in stories, but of use to the Soviet Ministry for State Security. He examined the coverage of newspapers and saw many inaccuracies and other problems.

Walter Lippmann and Charles Merz, in a 1920 study entitled A Test of the News, stated that The New York Times' coverage of the Bolshevik revolution was biased and inaccurate. In addition to his Pulitzer Prize-winning column "Today and Tomorrow," he published several books. Lippmann was the first to bring the phrase "cold war" to common currency in his 1947 book by the same name.

It was Lippmann who first identified the tendency of journalists to generalize about other people based on fixed ideas. He argued that people—including journalists—are more apt to believe "the pictures in their heads" than come to judgment by critical thinking. Humans condense ideas into symbols, he wrote, and journalism, a force quickly becoming the mass media, is an ineffective method of educating the public. Even if journalists did better jobs of informing the public about important issues, Lippmann believed "the mass of the reading public is not interested in learning and assimilating the results of accurate investigation." Citizens, he wrote, were too self-centered to care about public policy except as pertaining to pressing local issues.

Lippmann saw the purpose of journalism as "intelligence work". Within this role, journalists are a link between policymakers and the public. A journalist seeks facts from policymakers which he then transmits to citizens who form a public opinion. In this model, the information may be used to hold policymakers accountable to citizens. This theory was spawned by the industrial era and some critics argue the model needs rethinking in post-industrial societies.

Though a journalist himself, he held no assumption of news and truth being synonymous. For him the “function of news is to signalize an event, the function of truth is to bring to light the hidden facts, to set them in relation with each other, and make a picture of reality on which men can act.” A journalist’s version of the truth is subjective and limited to how he constructs his reality. The news, therefore, is “imperfectly recorded” and too fragile to bear the charge as “an organ of direct democracy.”

To his mind, democratic ideals had deteriorated, voters were largely ignorant about issues and policies, they lacked the competence to participate in public life and cared little for participating in the political process. In Public Opinion (1922), Lippmann noted that the stability the government achieved during the patronage era of the 1800s was threatened by modern realities. He wrote that a “governing class” must rise to face the new challenges. He saw the public as Plato did, a great beast or a bewildered herd – floundering in the “chaos of local opinions."

The basic problem of democracy, he wrote, was the accuracy of news and protection of sources. He argued that distorted information was inherent in the human mind. People make up their minds before they define the facts, while the ideal would be to gather and analyze the facts before reaching conclusions. By seeing first, he argued, it is possible to sanitize polluted information. Lippmann argued that seeing through stereotypes (which he coined in this specific meaning) subjected us to partial truths. Lippmann called the notion of a public competent to direct public affairs a "false ideal." He compared the political savvy of an average man to a theater-goer walking into a play in the middle of the third act and leaving before the last curtain.

Early on Lippmann said the herd of citizens must be governed by “a specialized class whose interests reach beyond the locality." This class is composed of experts, specialists and bureaucrats. The experts, who often are referred to as "elites," were to be a machinery of knowledge that circumvents the primary defect of democracy, the impossible ideal of the "omnicompetent citizen". Later, in The Phantom Public (1925), he recognized that the class of experts were also, in most respects, outsiders to particular problem, and hence, not capable of effective action. Philosopher John Dewey (1859-1952) agreed with Lippmann's assertions that the modern world was becoming too complex for every citizen to grasp all its aspects, but Dewey, unlike Lippmann, believed that the public (a composite of many “publics” within society) could form a “Great Community” that could become educated about issues, come to judgments and arrive at solutions to societal problems.

Following the removal from office of Henry A. Wallace in September 1946, Lippmann became the leading public advocate of the need to respect a Soviet sphere of influence in Europe, as opposed to the containment strategy being advocated at the time by people like George F. Kennan.

Lippmann was an informal adviser to several presidents.[citation needed] He had a rather famous feud with Lyndon Johnson over his handling of the Vietnam War, of which Lippman had become highly critical.[citation needed]

A meeting of intellectuals organized in Paris in August 1938 by French philosopher Louis Rougier, Colloque Walter Lippmann was named after Walter Lippmann. Walter Lippmann House at Harvard University, which houses the Nieman Foundation for Journalism, is named after him too. Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman used one of Lippmann's catch phrases, the "Manufacture of Consent" for the title of their book, which contains sections critical of Lippman's views about the media: Manufacturing Consent.

Death

Lippman died on December 14, 1974 at age 85 in New York, New York.

      Carmen Barnes was born on Nov 20, 1912 at Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tennessee. She was the daughter of James Hunter Neal and Lois Diantha Mills. Carmen married Hamilton Fish Armstrong, son of David Maitland Armstrong and Helen Neilson, in 1945. Carmen Barnes and Hamilton Fish Armstrong were separated in 1946. Carmen Barnes and Hamilton Fish Armstrong were divorced in 1951. Carmen Barnes died on Aug 19, 1980 at Salzburg, Austria, at age 67.
     

Carman Barnes was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee on November 20, 1912. Her father was James Hunter Neal. Her mother, Lois Diantha Mills, was well known throughout the South as a lyric poet and writer of mountain folklore under the names Diantha Mills and later, Diantha Barnes. Carman Barnes took her name from her first step-father, Wellington Barnes, founder and treasurer of Chattanooga's Dixie-Portland Cement Company, who died in 1927. Her second stepfather, George Pullen Jackson, (1874-1953), was a musicologist, folklorist and educator best known as an authority on Negro and white spirituals.

Carman Barnes was educated at the Girls' Preparatory School in Chattanooga and the Ward-Belmont School for Girls in Nashville. She published her first novel, Schoolgirl, when she was sixteen; it became an international best seller. Working with Alfonso Washington Pezet, she dramatized the story and it opened for a short run at the Ritz Theatre on Broadway on her eighteenth birthday. Paramount Pictures bought the rights for $30,000, but it was never made into a film. Barnes would publish four more novels in the next four years. In 1930-31, Barnes' celebrity resulted in writing and acting contracts with Paramount-Publix Pictures Corporation and she went to Hollywood. In later years, she would tell interviewers that she was never given any writing work to do and that while she was photographed "700 times in the first week", she was never given the opportunity to act in a film.

Throughout the late 1930s and the 1940s, Barnes explored a range of esoteric pursuits with varying degrees of seriousness. She made a number of attempts to establish "schools", or"'Groups", to share her learning and interests. The most successful of these ventures were a series of lectures by Claude Bragdon and P.D. Ouspensky, respectively. In 1940, Barnes met the architect, theatre designer and writer Claude F. Bragdon and went on to sponsor a series of 19 of his lectures on a variety of topics primarily related to art and mathematics. Later published as The Arch Lectures, these talks were organized and hosted by Barnes and attended by members of their respective circles and other invitees. In 1941 Barnes began to study with the Russian philosopher and mathematical physicist Petr Demianovich Ouspensky both privately and via a "Group". Correspondence and materials strictly related to the Bragdon and Ouspensky lectures, as well as Barnes' "Girls' Group" may be found in Box 9; both the Bragdon and Ouspensky correspondence files contain references to their lecture series as well.

In 1945, Barnes married Hamilton Fish Armstrong, writer on international politics and editor of Foreign Affairs. Together they wrote A Passionate Victorian, a play about the English actress Fanny Kemble. It was never produced. Following more than ten years of publishers' rejections of various works, Barnes' novel Time Lay Asleep was published in 1946. Barnes and Armstrong separated after a few years and formally Divorced in 1951. In that year, Barnes travelled to Europe, settling in Austria. She suffered the first of several breakdowns in the summer of 1952 and was treated with insulin shock therapy and psychotherapy, among other methods. Barnes would never return to the United States. She died in Salzburg, Austria on August 19, 1980.

     Christa married Hamilton Fish Armstrong, son of David Maitland Armstrong and Helen Neilson, in 1951.

     James married Lois Diantha Mills.

     Lois married James Hunter Neal. Lois married Wellington Barnes.

     Wellington married Lois Diantha Mills.

     Francis married Anne Corbin Armstrong, daughter of Noel Armstrong and Anne Harper, on Nov 26, 1938.

     Albert married Rosine Widenfeld.

     Rosine married Albert Revington Edey.

     Ezekiel married Rebecca Morton. Ezekiel Newman was born in 1826.

     Rebecca married Ezekiel Newman. Rebecca Morton was born in 1820.

      Alan Sturart Foster was born on Jun 30, 1933. He was the son of Ronald Martin Foster and Annabel Conover.

      Anne Tolstoi was born on Feb 19, 1929. Anne married Ronald Martin Foster Jr., son of Ronald Martin Foster and Annabel Conover, in Jan, 1951. Anne Tolstoi and Ronald Martin Foster Jr. were divorced in 1973.

      Alison Foster was born on Jun 8, 1952. She was the daughter of Ronald Martin Foster Jr. and Anne Tolstoi.

      Thomas Martin Foster was born on Aug 28, 1954. He was the son of Ronald Martin Foster Jr. and Anne Tolstoi.

      Alexander Tostoi Foster was born on May 28, 1956. He was the son of Ronald Martin Foster Jr. and Anne Tolstoi.

     Marcia married Ronald Martin Foster Jr., son of Ronald Martin Foster and Annabel Conover, on Dec 15, 1973.

      Christopher Worthing Foster was born on Aug 26, 1977. He was the son of Ronald Martin Foster Jr. and Marcia Lynn Worthing.

      Geoffrey Worthing Foster was born on Oct 27, 1978. He was the son of Ronald Martin Foster Jr. and Marcia Lynn Worthing.

      Gudrun (Unknown) was born on Sep 9, 1937. Gudrun married Hubert Conover Foster, son of Ronald Martin Foster and Annabel Conover, in 1960.

      David Martin Foster was born on Jan 22, 1961. He was the son of Hubert Conover Foster and Gudrun (Unknown).

      Margaret Christine Foster was born on May 16, 1963. She was the daughter of Hubert Conover Foster and Gudrun (Unknown).

      Eva Van Horn was born on Aug 26, 1789. She was the daughter of Lt. Thomas Van Horn and Maria Frederick. Eva married Jacob I. Young, son of Jacob A. Young and Eva Kniskern. Eva Van Horn died on Feb 19, 1868 at age 78.

      Jacob I. Young was born on Jul 23, 1784. He was the son of Jacob A. Young and Eva Kniskern. Jacob married Eva Van Horn, daughter of Lt. Thomas Van Horn and Maria Frederick. Jacob I. Young died on Jul 6, 1849 at age 64.

     Jacob married Eva Kniskern.

     Eva married Jacob A. Young.

      Peter Young was born on Aug 27, 1807. He was the son of Jacob I. Young and Eva Van Horn. Peter married Magdalene Smith, daughter of Gresham Smith and Magdalene Reas, in 1830. Peter Young died on Oct 22, 1885 at age 78.

      Magdalene Smith was born on Sep 19, 1807. She was the daughter of Gresham Smith and Magdalene Reas. Magdalene married Peter Young, son of Jacob I. Young and Eva Van Horn, in 1830. Magdalene Smith died on Sep 11, 1857 at age 49.

     Gresham married Magdalene Reas.

     Magdalene married Gresham Smith.
     Magdalene Reas was also known as Magdalene Rhiis.

      Jacob Smith Young was born on Dec 10, 1831. He was the son of Peter Young and Magdalene Smith. Jacob married Ida Brandow, daughter of John Worden Brandow and Catherine Connine, in Nov, 1856.

      Ida Brandow was born on Mar 10, 1839. She was the daughter of John Worden Brandow and Catherine Connine. Ida married Jacob Smith Young, son of Peter Young and Magdalene Smith, in Nov, 1856.

     John married Catherine Connine.

     Catherine married John Worden Brandow.

      Owen D. Young was born on Oct 27, 1874 at Stark, Herkimer County, New York. He was the son of Jacob Smith Young and Ida Brandow. Owen married Josephine Sheldon Edmonds, daughter of Charles Sidney Edmonds, on Jun 30, 1898 at Southbridge, Worcester County, Massachusetts. Owen D. Young died on Jul 11, 1962 at Saint Augustine, Saint John's County, Florida, at age 87. Owen was buried at Van Hornesville Cemetery, Van Hornesville, Herkimer County, Florida.
     

Owen D. Young (October 27, 1874 - July 11, 1962) was an American industrialist, businessman, lawyer and diplomat at the Second Reparations Conference (SRC) in 1929, as a member of the German Reparations International Commission.

He is best known for his SRC diplomacy and for founding the Radio Corporation of America. Young founded RCA as a subsidiary of General Electric in 1919; he became its first chairman and continued in that position until 1929.

Biography

Owen D. Young [1] was born in 1874 in Stark, Herkimer County, New York. An 1894 graduate of St. Lawrence University, he completed the three-year law course at Boston University in two years, graduating cum laude in 1896. After graduation he joined lawyer Charles H. Tyler and ten years later became a partner in that Boston law firm. They were involved in litigation cases between major companies.

Young represented Stone and Webster in a successful case against GE around 1911 and through that case came to the attention of Charles A. Coffin, the first president of General Electric. After the death of GE's General Counsel Hinsdill Parsons in April 1912, Coffin invited Young to become the company's Chief Counsel and Young moved to Schenectady. He became GE's president in 1922 and then in the same year was appointed chairman, serving in that position until 1939. Under his guidance and teaming with president Gerard Swope, GE shifted into the extensive manufacturing of home electrical appliances, establishing the company as a leader in this field and speeding the mass electrification of farms, factories and transportation systems within the US.

In 1919, at the request of the government, he created the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to combat threatened foreign control of America's struggling radio industry. He became its inaugural chairman and served in that position until 1929, helping to establish America's lead in the burgeoning technology of radio.

In the mid-1920s he helped found the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). In 1928, he was appointed to the board of trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation under a major reorganization of that institution, serving on that board also up to 1939.

Owen D. Young in 1924

Young's participation in President Woodrow Wilson's Second Industrial Conference following World War I marked the beginning of his counseling of five U.S. presidents. In 1924, he coauthored the Dawes Plan, which provided for a reduction in the annual amount of German reparations. In the late 1920s investments fell, and Germany again defaulted on its payments. In 1929 a new international body met to consider a program for the final release of German obligations; Young acted as chairman. Germany's total reparations were reduced and spread over 59 annual payments. After establishing this "Young Plan", Young was named Time Magazine''''s Man of the Year in 1929.[2] Unfortunately, the Young Plan collapsed with the coming of the Great Depression.

Young was also instrumental in plans for a state university system in New York.

In 1932, he was a candidate for the Democratic Presidential nomination which went to Franklin Roosevelt instead.

Young and education

In 1930, he built the Van Hornesville, NY, Central School in his hometown to consolidate all the small rural schools in the area. In 1963, it was renamed Owen D. Young Central School in his honor. Long active in education, Young was a trustee of St. Lawrence University from 1912 to 1934, serving as president of the board the last 10 years.

In 1939 he retired to the family farm, where he began dairy farming. More than 20 colleges awarded him honorary degrees. Long interested in education, he was a member of the New York State Board of Regents, governing body of New York's educational system, until 1946. Then, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey called upon him to head the state commission that laid the groundwork for the State University of New York system. Although the commission represented a wide range of views and opinions, Young achieved a surprising unanimity that resulted in a report containing recommendations adopted by the legislature.

Family

In 1898 he married Josephine Sheldon Edmonds (April 21, 1870 - June 25, 1935), an 1896 Radcliffe College graduate, who bore him five children:
Charles Jacob Young (December 17, 1899 - 1987)
John Young (August 13, 1902 - 1926) (killed in a motor accident),
Josephine Young (February 16, 1907 - 1990), who became an author of Speculative fiction, writing as Josephine Young Case
Philip Young (May 9, 1910 - 1987), who became Chairman of the Civil Service Commission (1953-1957)
Richard Young (June 23, 1919 - )

Following the death of his first wife in February 1937, he married Louise Powis Clark (1887 - 19??), a widow with three children.

      Josephine Sheldon Edmonds was born on Apr 21, 1870 at Southbridge, Worcester County, Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Charles Sidney Edmonds. Josephine married Owen D. Young, son of Jacob Smith Young and Ida Brandow, on Jun 30, 1898 at Southbridge, Worcester County, Massachusetts. Josephine Sheldon Edmonds died on Jun 25, 1935 at age 65.

     Edward married Maude Stoner, daughter of Lycurgus Stoner and Elvira Boone.

     Oscar married Blanche Stoner, daughter of Lycurgus Stoner and Elvira Boone.

      Pearl Sears was born in 1878. Pearl married Lycurgus Stoner, son of Lycurgus Stoner and Elvira Boone. Pearl Sears died in 1949. Pearl was buried at Boone-Hutchinson Cemetery, Reelsville, Putnam County, Indiana.

     Peter married Mary Wells.

     Mary married Peter Stoner.

     Myrtle Pollom was the daughter of Martin Luther Pollom and Emma Boone.

      Dr. Robert Roy Pollom MD was born on Apr 2, 1885 at Clay County, Indiana. He was the son of Martin Luther Pollom and Emma Boone. Robert married Mamie Lynch circa 1916.
     

      Margaret Lena Houk was born in Feb, 1872 at Indiana. She was the daughter of John P. Houk and Barbara (Unknown). Margaret married Joseph Daniel Pollom, son of Martin Luther Pollom and Emma Boone, on Mar 18, 1893 at Clay County, Indiana. Margaret married Joseph Daniel Pollom, son of Martin Luther Pollom and Emma Boone, on Apr 17, 1893. Margaret Lena Houk died on Apr 14, 1901 at age 29.
     She was also known as Lena Margaret Houk. In the census on Jun 2, 1900 Margaret Lena Houk was named Maggie Houk.

      Roy Luther Pollom was born on Jul 29, 1894 at Knightsville, Clay County, Indiana. He was the son of Joseph Daniel Pollom and Margaret Lena Houk. Roy married Marie Louise Davis. Roy Luther Pollom died in Nov, 1982 his last known address was at Brazil, Clay County, Indiana, according to the Social Security Death Index.
     

      Ida M. Straube was born circa 1879 at Indiana. Ida married Dr. Moses Reginald Pollom, son of Martin Luther Pollom and Emma Boone, circa 1900.

      Virgil Lucille Pollom was born circa 1906 at Indiana. She was the daughter of Dr. Moses Reginald Pollom and Ida M. Straube. Virgil married (Unknown) Pauley.
     In the census on Jan 27, 1920 Virgil Lucille Pollom was named Lucille Pollom.

      Maxine B. Pollom was born circa 1908 at Indiana. She was the daughter of Dr. Moses Reginald Pollom and Ida M. Straube. Maxine married (Unknown) Owens.

      Madeline Pollom was born circa 1912 at Indiana. She was the daughter of Dr. Moses Reginald Pollom and Ida M. Straube. Madeline married (Unknown) Albin.

      Maurice R. Pollom was born on Jul 12, 1920 at Boone County, Indiana. He was the son of Dr. Moses Reginald Pollom and Ida M. Straube. Maurice R. Pollom died on Jan 17, 1996 at Elkhart, Elkhart County, Indiana, at age 75.

     John married Barbara (Unknown).

     Barbara married John P. Houk.

      Lena Tevis was born on Apr 20, 1873 at Illinois. She was the daughter of William Tevis. Lena married Joseph Daniel Pollom, son of Martin Luther Pollom and Emma Boone, on Jul 10, 1902.

      Oscar J. Berry was born circa 1864 at Indiana. He was the son of Jacob Berry and Mary J. Salladay. Oscar married Bessie E. Pollom, daughter of Martin Luther Pollom and Emma Boone, on Apr 15, 1886 at Clay County, Indiana.

     Jacob married Mary J. Salladay.

     Mary married Jacob Berry.

      Leola Berry was born in Apr, 1897 at Jackson Twp., Clay County, Indiana. She was the daughter of Oscar J. Berry and Bessie E. Pollom.

      Imogene Pollom was born circa 1910 at Indiana. She was the daughter of Dr. Moses Reginald Pollom and Ida M. Straube. Imogene married Ross Houston Azbell. Imogene married James Arthur Burk. Imogene Pollom died on Nov 15, 2007 at Tucson, Pima County, Arizona.
     

Imogene Burk
Wednesday, November 21, 2007

Imogene Pollom Azbell Burk, 98 Tucson, Ariz., and formerly of Greencastle, died Thursday.

Born in Cayuga, she was the daughter of Dr. M.R. and Ida Stroube Pollom.

A 1927 graduate of Greencastle High School, she played cornet in the orchestra, band, and school theatre orchestra, and sang in the school chorus and glee club. As a member of the Greencastle City Band, she played at the Indianapolis 500 Mile Race on two occasions. She retired from Greencastle Community Schools, where she served as financial secretary for 24 years. She was a 45-year member of First Christian Church in Greencastle, where she sang in the choir and Sunday school orchestra. She was also a charter member of Pusch Ridge Christian Church in Tucson and a member of the Order of Eastern Star 255 in Greencastle and Washburn Chapter D.A.R.

Surviving are a stepdaughter, Ida May Baird and husband Joe, Russellville; two stepsons, Duane T. Burk, Terre Haute, and Malcolm E. Burk, Greencastle; three nieces, eight great-nephews, nine great-nieces, many great-great nieces and nephews.

Her parents; two husbands, Ross Houston Azbell and James Arthur Burk; three sisters, Lucille Pauley, Maxine Owens and Madeline Albin; two brothers, Morry Pollom and Dan Pollom; two nephews and a niece preceded her in death.

Funeral services will at 1 p.m. Friday at Bittles and Hurt Funeral Home, Greencastle, with Rev, Alan Small officiating. Burial will follow at Forest Hill Cemetery.

Visitation is 11 a.m.-1 p.m. Friday at the funeral home.

Memorials may be made to the American Heart Association or the American Diabetes Association.

      Mamie Lynch was born circa 1892 at Indiana. Mamie married Dr. Robert Roy Pollom MD, son of Martin Luther Pollom and Emma Boone, circa 1916.