
Edison, Thomas Alva (1847-1931), American inventor, whose development of a practical electric light bulb, electric generating system, sound-recording device, and motion picture projector had profound effects on the shaping of modern society.
Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, on February 11, 1847. He attended school for only three months, in Port Huron, Michigan. When he was 12 years old he began selling newspapers on the Grand Trunk Railway, devoting his spare time mainly to experimentation with printing presses and with electrical and mechanical apparatus. In 1862 he published a weekly, known as the Grand Trunk Herald, printing it in a freight car that also served as his laboratory. For saving the life of a station official's child, he was rewarded by being taught telegraphy. While working as a telegraph operator, he made his first important invention, a telegraphic repeating instrument that enabled messages to be transmitted automatically over a second line without the presence of an operator.
Edison next secured employment in Boston and devoted all his spare time there to research. He invented a vote recorder that, although possessing many merits, was not sufficiently practical to warrant its adoption. He also devised and partly completed a stock-quotation printer. Later, while employed by the Gold and Stock Telegraph Company of New York City he greatly improved their apparatus and service. By the sale of telegraphic appliances, Edison earned $40,000, and with this money he established his own laboratory in 1876. Afterward he devised an automatic telegraph system that made possible a greater speed and range of transmission. Edison's crowning achievement in telegraphy was his invention of machines that made possible simultaneous transmission of several messages on one line and thus greatly increased the usefulness of existing telegraph lines. Important in the development of the telephone, which had recently been invented by the American physicist and inventor Alexander Graham Bell, was Edison's invention of the carbon telephone transmitter.
In 1877 Edison announced his invention of a phonograph by which sound could be recorded mechanically on a tinfoil cylinder. Two years later he exhibited publicly his incandescent electric light bulb, his most important invention and the one requiring the most careful research and experimentation to perfect (see Electric Lighting). This new light was a remarkable success; Edison promptly occupied himself with the improvement of the bulbs and of the dynamos for generating the necessary electric current. In 1882 he developed and installed the world's first large central electric-power station, located in New York City. His use of direct current, however, later lost out to the alternating-current system developed by the American inventors Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse.
In 1887 Edison moved his laboratory from Menlo Park, New Jersey, to West Orange, New Jersey, where he constructed a large laboratory for experimentation and research. (His home and laboratory were established as the Edison National Historic Site in 1955). In 1888 he invented the kinetoscope, the first machine to produce motion pictures by a rapid succession of individual views. Among his later noteworthy inventions was the Edison storage battery (an alkaline, nickel-iron storage battery), the result of many thousands of experiments. The battery was extremely rugged and had a high electrical capacity per unit of weight. He also developed a phonograph in which the sound was impressed on a disk instead of a cylinder. This phonograph had a diamond needle and other improved features. By synchronizing his phonograph and kinetoscope, he produced, in 1913, the first talking moving pictures. His other discoveries include the electric pen, the mimeograph, the microtasimeter (used for the detection of minute changes in temperature), and a wireless telegraphic method for communicating with moving trains. At the outbreak of World War I, Edison designed, built, and operated plants for the manufacture of benzene, carbolic acid, and aniline derivatives. In 1915 he was appointed president of the U.S. Navy Consulting Board and in that capacity made many valuable discoveries. His later work consisted mainly of improving and perfecting previous inventions. Altogether, Edison patented more than 1000 inventions. He was a technologist rather than a scientist, adding little to original scientific knowledge. In 1883, however, he did observe the flow of electrons from a heated filament-the so-called Edison effect-whose profound implications for modern electronics were not understood until several years later.
In 1878 Edison was appointed Chevalier of the Legion of Honor of France and in 1889 was made Commander of the Legion of Honor. In 1892 he was awarded the Albert Medal of the Society of Arts of Great Britain and in 1928 received the Congressional Gold Medal "for development and application of inventions that have revolutionized civilization in the last century." Edison died in West Orange on October 18, 1931.
"Edison, Thomas Alva," Microsoft(R) Encarta(R) 97 Encyclopedia. (c) 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Thomas Alva Edison was born on 11 February 1847 at Milan, Erie County, Ohio. He was the son of
Samuel Ogden Edison Jr. and
Nancy Elliott. Thomas Alva Edison married
Mary Stillwell on 25 December 1871. Thomas Alva Edison married
Mina Miller on 24 February 1886. Thomas Alva Edison died on 18 October 1931 at West Orange, Essex County, New Jersey, at age 84. He was buried after 18 October 1931 at Edison National Historic Site, West Orange, Essex County, New Jersey. DEATH CALLS T. A. EDISON
American Loses Greatest Inventor---Honored in Fields of Science
West Orange, N. J. Oct., 18
Thomas A. Edison died at his home at 3:24 a.m. today. He was 84 years old. His wife, six children, his personal physician and two nurses were at the bedside when the end came.
The end came after a day and night during which Mr. Edison sank deeper and deeper into a state of coma while his heart, which during weeks of illness had stood up wonderfully, began to falter.
Family at bedside until the End.
Bulletins issued by his physician last night and shortly before death indicated the rapidly approaching end. The pulse became weaker and more rapid and respiration more and more shallow.
Members of the household remained up throughout the night and Dr. Howe was in the sickroom constantly since night before last.
The pronouncement of death was made by Dr. Hubert S. Howe, Mr. Edison's personal physician, at 3:24 a.m. and transmitted by Arthur Walsh at 3:37 a.m.
With Mr. Edison when he died were his wife, Mrs. Mina Miller Edison; his six children, Dr. Howe and two nurses.